For decades, computing was a field where women thrived, leading some of the most critical innovations in programming and software development. Yet today, the industry is overwhelmingly male-dominated, with women holding only one in four computing jobs. What happened? The shift wasn’t due to lack of talent or capability—it was a deliberate change in perception, culture, and systemic barriers that pushed women out of the industry.
This article explores the rise, fall, and resurgence of women in tech, tracing how gender dynamics changed and what can be done to close the gap today.
Women Were the First Coders
When computers were first introduced in the 1940s, programming wasn’t seen as a technical or highly prestigious job. It was considered meticulous and detail-oriented—qualities that, at the time, were culturally associated with women.
One of the earliest pioneers was Ada Lovelace, who in the 19th century wrote what is now recognized as the first computer program for Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine. Decades later, during World War II, women played a crucial role in computing by programming the first electronic computers, including the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).
Figures like Grace Hopper led groundbreaking innovations, including the development of COBOL, one of the first high-level programming languages. Women also played a significant role in space exploration—NASA’s “human computers,” including Katherine Johnson, Dorothy Vaughan, and Mary Jackson, were instrumental in launching the first astronauts into orbit.
The Decline: How Women Were Pushed Out
By the 1980s, something changed. In 1984, women made up 37% of computer science majors, but by the mid-1990s, this number plummeted. Today, only around 18% of computer science graduates in the U.S. are women.
So, what happened?
1. The Personal Computer Revolution and the “Boys’ Club” Culture
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, personal computers (PCs) entered American homes. However, these early computers were marketed almost exclusively to boys and men, reinforcing the idea that computers were a male domain. Advertisements depicted young boys tinkering with PCs, while computer science education began to assume that students already had prior experience with computers—something that many girls lacked due to societal expectations.
2. The “Genius Coder” Stereotype
During the 1980s and 1990s, Hollywood and pop culture cemented the image of the male computer geek—a socially awkward but brilliant young man hacking away in his basement. Movies like WarGames (1983) and Hackers (1995) reinforced this stereotype, making it seem as though coding required an innate, almost mystical ability that was most often associated with men.
3. The Workplace Shift and the “Tech Bro” Culture
As Silicon Valley grew in prominence, tech companies developed an exclusive and male-centric culture. Hiring managers, often men, tended to recruit from male-dominated networks and elite universities, sidelining women in the process. Workplace environments became less welcoming to women, with many reporting experiences of bias, discrimination, and harassment.
The issue was highlighted in The Atlantic’s 2017 cover story, “Why Is Silicon Valley So Awful to Women?”, which exposed the widespread gender discrimination in tech. The article detailed stories of workplace harassment, lack of promotions, and the systemic barriers women faced in advancing within the industry.
Bringing Women Back into Tech
While the gender gap in tech remains significant, efforts to bring more women into computing are growing. Here’s what needs to be done to close the gap:
1. Encouraging Girls to Code Early
To break the cycle, girls need to be introduced to coding and technology from a young age. Programs like Girls Who Code, Black Girls Code, and Code.org are working to make programming accessible and engaging for young women. Schools also need to incorporate computer science education without gender bias to ensure that both boys and girls receive equal exposure.
2. Changing the Narrative
The media plays a crucial role in shaping perceptions of who belongs in tech. More representation of women programmers, engineers, and innovators in movies, TV shows, and advertisements can help dismantle the stereotype that coding is a “male job.” Highlighting modern-day pioneers like Reshma Saujani (founder of Girls Who Code) or Fei-Fei Li (AI researcher at Stanford) can inspire young women to pursue careers in STEM.
3. Addressing Workplace Bias
Tech companies must take active steps to eliminate bias in hiring and promotions. Implementing policies such as blind resume screening, mentorship programs for women, and family-friendly workplace policies can create an inclusive environment where women can thrive.
4. Increasing Female Leadership in Tech
One of the most effective ways to change tech culture is to have more women in leadership roles. When women are in positions of power—whether as CTOs, CEOs, or venture capitalists—they can influence hiring practices, workplace policies, and company culture to be more inclusive.
5. Building Supportive Communities
Women in tech need strong networks and mentorship opportunities. Communities like Women Who Code, Tech Ladies, and AnitaB.org provide support, networking, and professional development for women looking to enter or advance in the industry.
Conclusion: The Future of Women in Tech
The history of women in computing proves one undeniable fact: tech was never meant to be a boys’ club. Women have always been at the forefront of innovation, from the early days of programming to modern advancements in artificial intelligence and cybersecurity.
While the gender gap persists, the movement to bring women back into tech is gaining momentum. By reshaping education, workplace culture, and societal narratives, we can ensure that the future of computing is diverse, inclusive, and driven by the talents of all genders.
The question is no longer “Can women succeed in tech?”—it’s “How can we remove the barriers so they can thrive?”